I think you've confused a bunch of different things in one big pot. In terms of collisions, you can read up on Pauli Exclusion Principle, which states that no two particles of half-integer spin can share the same quantum numbers. What this essentially means is that particles like electrons, neutrons, and protons (but not bosons) have space-occupying behavior. So if you imagine two protons on a collision course, you must consider their physical space, as well as charge-charge interactions (they're both positive, so their charges will repel each other). Then you can predict their behavior, which is what people do in quantum mechanics simulations (all that Folding@Home stuff works more or less on this principle).
But this is in a theoretical system, where you can arbitrarily assign position and velocities and stuff. In a practical setting, the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle states that in the quantum mechanics realm certain pairs of physical properties cannot be measured simultaneously to a certain precision. Or, the more accurate you measure the momentum of a particle, the less accurate its measured position. This is more of a description of the nature of the system than anything, it has something to do with the wave properties of quantum particles.
If you want a good general physics book, I suggest looking at the Feynman Lectures. A lot of hardcore stuff explained in an understandable way by a guy who solved complex equations in the comfort of his local titty bar. Or, my hero.