On
20 September 1990, the South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast declared independence as the South Ossetian Democratic Soviet Republic, appealing to
Moscow to recognise it as an independent subject of the
Soviet Union. When the election of the Georgian Supreme Council took place in October 1990, it was boycotted by the South Ossetians. On
December 10,
1990,
South Ossetia held its own elections, declared illegal by Georgia. A day later, Georgian Supreme Soviet canceled the results of the Ossetian elections and abolished South Ossetian autonomy.
[1]
On
December 11,
1990, several bloody incidents occurred in and around
Tskhinvali. Georgian government declared a
state of emergency in the districts of
Tskhinvali and
Java on
December 12. Georgian police and National Guards units were dispatched in the region to disarm Ossetian armed groups.
(...)
On the night of
5 January 1991, Georgian forces entered
Tskhinvali. The
Ossetian militants responded by firing at Georgian schools and houses in the city, while Georgians attacked Ossetian villages. The fighting in Tskhinvali first resulted in a divided town: An Ossetian-controlled western part and a Georgian-controlled eastern part. Towards the end of January, the Georgians withdrew to the hills around the city according to the Russian-mediated ceasefire.
(...)
The most intense period of war was in March and April 1991, after a period of relative calm in July and August, violence resumed in mid-September. Georgia imposed economic blockade on the rebel region: It disconnected electricity supplies to
Tskhinvali and blocked the road by which the city received food and other products. The Ossetians blockaded Georgian villages and several atrocities occurred on both sides. The fighting left hundreds killed and wounded, many South Ossetian villages were attacked and burned down as were Georgian houses and schools in Tskhinvali, the capital of South Ossetia. As a result, approximately 1,000 died and about 100,000 ethnic Ossetians fled the territory and Georgia proper, most across the border into North Ossetia. A further 23,000 ethnic Georgians fled South Ossetia and settled in other parts of Georgia.
[1] Georgian forces sat in the hills around Tskhinvali and besieged the city. Other fighting took place around the city in the nearby villages and along the road to
North Ossetia.